Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Herbs


Annex 2.

Table of Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Herbs to Introduce in the

Entoto Natural Park. Description of Characters of Seedlings

to be Planted in the Park Area


Table 1 is based on a meeting at the National Herbarium with Sue Edwards, editor of the Flora "Some Wild Flowering Plants of Ethiopia" (Edwards 1976). Some of the plants in the table are already present in the Entoto area but in various quantities. Some species belong to open areas and some are forest plants. (A detailed inventory of the vegetation of Entoto started in October 1994.)

To get an idea of what can be grown in the Entoto Natural Park, table 2 shows the composition of different vegetation stratas in the Menagesha State Forest, set together by Dr. Sebsebe Demissew at National Herbarium (published in Mountain Research and Development Studies Vol. 8, number 2, May 1988).



The indigenous Podocarpus falcatus (P. gracilior) tree is scarce
on Entoto; it seems that it can no longer give surviving progeny
in the barren, eroded, exposed lands created by Eucalyptus
planted surrounding. A brittle and eroded clay crust resulted
from the imprudent international introduction of the
Australian Eucalyptus tree over a hundred years ago.

Table 1.
Acanthus sennii (fence)
Athrixia rosmarinifolia
Arundinaria alpina (grass - bamboo)
Arundo donax
Bartsia longiflora (shrub)
Bidens sp.
Buddleia polystachya (shrub)
Campanula edulis
Canarina eminii
Carduus ellenbeckii
Carduus nyassanus (weed)
Carissa edulis (shrub)
Cassia singueana (shrub)
Clerodendron myricoides (shrub)
Commelina diffusa
Crassocephalum macropappum
Craterostigma plantagineum
Crepis rueppellii
Crinum ornatum
Delphinium dasycaulon
Delphinium wellbyi
Dianthus longiglumis
Echinops hispidus
Epilobium hirsutum
Gloriosa superba (climber)
Gnidia glauca (shrub)
Habenaria sp. (Orchid Family)
Haemanthus multiflorus
Hagenia abyssinica
Helichrysum formosissumum (garden)
Holothrix sp. (Orchid Family)
Hypericum revolutum
Impatiens rothi (garden)
Ipomoea tenuirostris (climber)
Jasminum abyssinicum (a strong climber)
Justica sp. Echinops hispidus
Kalanchoe macrantha
Kalanchoe petitiana
Kniphofia foliosa
Leonotis velutina
Lotus corniculatus .
The Fortress (38) Requires Caution Towards the Canyon,
 Shown by the Assisting Map Loop (B). The Loop (14)
Surrounding the Gentle and Fascinating Points
 36 and 41-42, close to the Abyss & Waterfall.
Paths & Maps of the High Plateau
Merendera abyssinica
Moraea schimperi
Nymphaea coerulea (aquetic plant in fresh water)
Otostagia integrifolia (shrub)
Pelargonium multibracteatum
Petamens latifolius
Plectocephalus varians
Plectranthus barbatus
Polygonum setulosum
Primula verticillata
Pterolobium stellatum ( fence)
Rhus natalensis (shrub)
Rubus steudneri (climber)
Satyrium sp. (Orchid Family)
Scabiosa columbaria
Senecio gigas (shrub)
Solanum incanum (weed)
Sparmannia ricinocarpa (shrub)
Trifolium acaule
Trifolium schimperi
Veronia amygdalina (shrub)
Veronica glandulos


Table 2. Floristic composition of Menagesha State Forest. 
From Dr. Sebsebe Demissew.

TALL TREES (15-35 m)
Juniperus procera
Podocarpus gracilior


MEDIUM AND SMALL SIZED TREES (up to 15 m)
Allophylus abyssinicus
Ekebergia capensis
Euphorbia obovalifolia
Ilex mitis
Myrica salicifolia
Olea europea L. spp. africana
Olinia aequipetala
Pittosporum viridiflorum
Pygeum africanum
Rapanea melanophloeos
Schefflera abyssinica Teclea nobilis


Hence, Nature's large biodiversity and shielding mechanism
 of the native seedlings executed at the old-time its natural
ability to protect and reinforce this precious ground for
 the young native vegetation's required natural care.

Plant defence against herbivory 




Biodiversity




SHRUBS
Agauria salicifolia
Besama abyssinica
Calpurnea aurea
Carissa edulis
Clausena anisata
Crotalaria lachnocarpa
Discopodioum penninervum
Dovyalis abyssinica
Dovyalis verrucosa
Erica arborea
Galiniera coffeoides
Gnidia glauca
Halleria lucida
Hypericum lanceolatum
Maesa lanceolata
Maytenus addat
Maytenus arbutifolia
Maytenus heterophylla
Myrsine africana
Nuxia congesta
Osyris arborea
Otostegia minucci
Rhamnus prinoides
Rhus glutinosa
Rhus vulgaris
Rosa abyssinica
Satureja biflora
Spiniluma oxycantha


PACHYCAULS
Lobelia giberoa
Senecio gig

LIANAS
Embelia schimperi
Jasminum abyssinicum
Jasminum stans 
Periploca linearifolia
Phytolacca dodecandra
Rubus apetalus
Stephania abyssinical
Urera hypselodendron
Veronia amygdalina
Veronia leopoldii


EPIPHYTES
Diaphananthe schimperiana
Peperomia tetraphylla
Sedum epidendrum
Stolzia repens
Umbilicus botryoides



Podocarpus falcatus This plant carries a unique heritage that can
be very important for the Park's legacy. It was originally picked
 as seed from the mother tree in the circle (B) just to the west of 
the path at the left of the area (39) and clearly above (38)

HERBS / FERNS
Adiantum thalictroides
Asplenium abyssinicum
Asplenium aethiopicum
Cheilanthes farinosa
Drypteris inaequalis
Pleopelis macrocarpa
Polystichum setiferum
Pteris cretial
Pteris dentata
Pteris quandriaurita
Thelypteris pozoi

OTHERS
Agrostis quinqueseta
Agrostis schimperiana
Barleria ventricosa
Cardamine africana
Carex johnstonii
Carex. bequaertii
Crassula alsinoides
Cyperus fischerianus
Geranium aculeolatum
Geranium arabicum
Helichrysum cymosum
Holothrix archnoidea
Hypoestes verticillaria
Impatiens hochstetteri
Kyllinga odorata
Pentas schimperiana
Pterocephalus frutescens
Pilea rivularis
Satureja biflora
Selaginella abyssinica
Veronica abyssinica

Table 3. Tree seedlings required for the Entoto Natural Park. Third draft (5.4 94). Dag Rudin

The altitude of the Park is about 2 700 -3 000 m a.s.l. but the slope towards the south will improve the climate in a direction of about -300 m altitude. This minimum calculated altitude for the choice of species will be about 2 400 m a.s.l.
 




* PLANT can supply seedlings for these trees in the quantity required in time for the planting season next year - June 1995. The orders for the plants would have to be placed fairly soon. The price of the seedlings would be 50c or less.


Entoto Natural Park (Nursery)

? The species might fail to survive

# Seed available at the National Tree Seed Center

o Plants can be raised by Region 14 Tree Nurseries up to a number of 100 000.

Notes
1. In a mature forest, there are approx. 250 trees per hectare. To allow for natural selection etc. 500 trees per hectare are required to start a forest. Assuming no trees in the Park, the number of seedlings required would be 750 000 (if the Park area is 15 square kilometres).

It is reasonable to plan for planting 1/3 of the area during 1995. Thus 250 000 seedlings should be planted out and then 300 000 seedlings should be raised (HΓ₯kan Blanck and Pia Englund, Entoto Natural Park 1995).




Ethiopia's Unique Highland Landscape and Climate

Regarding Ethiopia's unique climate in the seasons, with months of heavy downpours over the country's characteristic rugged landscape topography followed by months of blistering sunshine, difficulties naturally arise for the survival of planted saplings. The long prehistoric Nature's evolutionary optimized stability in sheer strength and water absorption found in the original native vegetation is thus often impossible to recreate with a simple planting of fragile young seedlings. Therefore, Ethiopia's neglected indigenous Nature demands knowledge and work before any sign of evident healing of the country's Nature and freshwater conservation. Consequently, it is often associated with incredible frustration to recreate healthy landscape biotopes by replanting native young plants on exposed eroded mountain slopes and devastated high plateaus. Instead, sporadically planted young plants will require tender care with irrigation and protection against grazing animals and shade from season months of midday's mercilessly blistering sunshine. This recreation of Nature's shielding functions needs, thus, the devoted work of restoration to regain the guardian effect from a lost indigenous forest with its endemic vegetation of shielding undergrowth.


The Complications Of Indigenous Forest Restoration

Thus, it is impossible to recreate a stable and healthy nature by replanting a few native trees on a devastated plateau; instead, these sporadically planted young plants on the table will require tender care with irrigation and protection against grazing animals and shade from the blistering seasonal sun. Furthermore, on the slopes, these young plants most often need some temporary stabilizer of the ground and protection in something that mimics the wind and sun-protective effect of many mother trees. In addition, sporadically placed young plants can only offer a very rudimentary and weak protective network against erosion; instead, there is the obvious risk that these young plants will, in all probability, soon perish in the struggle against the great forces of Nature.


The Precarious and Fragile Restoration Of the Lost Nature

 Science, much time and labour are needed for environmental restoration; this demands massive protection projects to offer the young plants the replacement for the lost biotope and its vital natural protective properties. Hence, restoring a lost biotope is complicated and requires much work to recreate a reliable substitute for the lost shielding armour of the primaeval forest. Therefore, due to the absence of the essential protective functions of mother trees and other plants, enormous efforts are required to recreate this guardian functions for the tender indigenous seedlings, which otherwise do not survive the very exposed ground. Thus, this process of environmental restoration includes what was previously prehistorically self-evident as a crucial basis for the survival of all higher life forms.


Landscape Restoration

There are profound contradictions in judgment in the use of berms versus swales. Hence, the core of this evaluation is a comparison regarding small surrounding ridges (berms) downhill of the saplings, which prevent water loss downhill the slope vs the quite contrary appearance of uphill water absorbing trenches (swales) just above saplings following pleasant and traditional contour lines of the landscape's slopes. Keylines appear here as a desirable option because since they appear similar to the methods of swales, they are less obstructive where they provide a slightly invisible gradient deviation from the landscape's contour lines.

Planting Saplings

Hence, while these previously mentioned half-circular small backfillings (berms) appear suitable on a hillside to protect the growth of individually placed saplings appear instead swales and keylines as more deeply irrigation effective when many saplings follow along gentle slopes. Thus while berms fit individual saplings, the solution of swales or keylines often seems more appropriate than berms when many saplings propagate along the keyline or contour line on a pleasant leaning slope. Of course, the more sapling protective method combines berms with swales or keylines.


Berms and Swales VS 

Terraces & Micro-Basins

Therefore, Incorporating berms with keylines on a gentle slope is an even more practical option for the same saplings settings, providing the plant with more excellent water access over a more extended period. Providing the hillsides' gradient are also diminutive in the landscape; swales are an option but not recommended on a mountainside. However, caution prevails regarding this environmental swales restoration method due to the risk of landslides caused by swales creating too much weight and even landslides by the sudden water infiltration in an unstable soil configuration, especially on a mountainside. In these precarious cases, when the slopes are too steep, terracing with attention to keyline design gradient deviation from the mountain's contour lines often remains the appropriate way to create s stable ground for the saplings. Thereby, exposed mountainsides often require keyline design together with terracing. These methods and terraced micro-basins often remain the only suitable option to obtain a sound foundation for the saplings and, thus, the water contribution for the saplings and aquifers.

___________________________________________________________________________________





_______________________________________________________________________________


Plant a Tree with Inside Ethiopia Tours

Plant a tree with Inside Ethiopia Tours

Once we arrive on Entoto Mountain, where the capital city was first founded in 1886, you will undoubtedly feel like having mentholated topical ointment. Yes, we are not big fans of the Eucalyptus tree either! We want to promote indigenous seedling planting in Ethiopia by contributing to the Ethiopian Green Legacy. Our guide will accompany you in the local taxis up to the mountain. This is an excellent opportunity for you to experience Ethiopian commuting.




___________________________________________________________________________________


The Science of Indigenous Ancient Trees:



Handbook 



Donate

The total amount you donate will be used in Ethiopia.
The Trust is registered with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs for Gift Aid.


Ethiopian Heritage Trust (UK)
Donate: https://www.ethiopianheritagetrustuk.org/donate




Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Entoto Park (Inquiries)

Image
Entoto Park Main Entrance - Entoto Park (Z) A Modern Park for Nature & People A sincere request prevailed for a family-friendly invitation to entertaining facilities and cosy amusements with the Park's exquisite highland nature. The Park's unique character of highland magnificence would then become within reach for families and passionate nature people. Thus, the somewhat rugged and overwhelming vast appearance of Entoto Natural Park gave the cause for developing this more comfortable Park, including various activities and cultural facilities. Thanks to the welcoming atmosphere, this Park is now a reality with its new family and cultural environment on the grand mountain massif. Thus, despite the landscape's high drama, the whole family offers comfortable adventures with the required modern facilities. This newly inaugurated modern department: Entoto Park, with its dramatical location on the mountain's southern shoulder, invites with its head gate, signed on the map
Read more

Benefits from the Establishment of the Park

Image
Benefits from the Establishment of the Park A Wonderful Memory that Attracts Modern Science and Art With Entoto's sculptural brooks and natural cliff pools, this historic mountain remains in precious memories as a heritage of sincere affection and natural wealth. Thus, it's a venerated time when the mountain massif and its canyons could carry significantly higher quantity and quality of water. Therefore, with glowing passion and warmth among the residents of Entoto, linger still the joy of memories when the water level a reasonable time after the rainy season still stood one metre higher in the brooks and natural cliff pools of the high plateau. With the profound history of Entoto's rock-sheltered streams and enchanting nature rock baths, this beautiful memory is still very vivid today among the inhabitants of this legendary mountain.   Ethiopia's Grande Nature History  With Water Harbouring Functions With the guardian and a profoundly anchored network of roots an
Read more

Entoto Natural Park

Image
The Hidden Treasure at the Mountain's Shoulder This place is the work area of many endeavours; Entoto's High Plateau appears among adorable Juniper hills and dreamlike meadows. Ultimately, this landscape of forgotten dreams reveals its southern border in Bees' Cliff's abyss (14).  Here it shows very soon; the beautiful path (42) to Entoto Natural Park (Nursery) 34, where massive work has elapsed with nature restoration for many years. Geographical Situation Addis Ababa is situated 9° north of the equator in central Ethiopia. There is a splendid outlook over the sprawling city and the five high solitary mountains from several spots, with a propagating view from the southwest to the southeast (Menagesha, Wachecha, Furi Zukuala and Yerer). On the mountain massif of Entoto, the Park area extends from the northern edge of the city at an altitude of 2 600m and further north over the mountain crest above 3 000 m. Entoto's High Plateau with an  Unknow
Read more