Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Herbs


Annex 2.

Table of Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Herbs to Introduce in the

Entoto Natural Park. Description of Characters of Seedlings

to be Planted in the Park Area


Table 1 is based on a meeting at the National Herbarium with Sue Edwards, editor of the Flora "Some Wild Flowering Plants of Ethiopia" (Edwards 1976). Some of the plants in the table are already present in the Entoto area but in various quantities. Some species belong to open areas, and some are forest plants. (A detailed inventory of the vegetation of Entoto started in October 1994.)

To get an idea of what can be grown in the Entoto Natural Park, table 2 shows the composition of different vegetation stratas in the Menagesha State Forest, set together by Dr. Sebsebe Demissew at National Herbarium (published in Mountain Research and Development Studies Vol. 8, number 2, May 1988).



The indigenous Podocarpus falcatus (P. gracilior) tree is scarce
on Entoto; it seems that it can no longer give surviving progeny
in the barren, eroded, exposed lands created by Eucalyptus
planted surrounding. A brittle and eroded clay crust resulted
from the imprudent international introduction of the
Australian Eucalyptus tree over a hundred years ago.

Table 1.
Acanthus sennii (fence)
Athrixia rosmarinifolia
Arundinaria alpina (grass - bamboo)
Arundo donax
Bartsia longiflora (shrub)
Bidens sp.
Buddleia polystachya (shrub)
Campanula edulis
Canarina eminii
Carduus ellenbeckii
Carduus nyassanus (weed)
Carissa edulis (shrub)
Cassia singueana (shrub)
Clerodendron myricoides (shrub)
Commelina diffusa
Crassocephalum macropappum
Craterostigma plantagineum
Crepis rueppellii
Crinum ornatum
Delphinium dasycaulon
Delphinium wellbyi
Dianthus longiglumis
Echinops hispidus
Epilobium hirsutum
Gloriosa superba (climber)
Gnidia glauca (shrub)
Habenaria sp. (Orchid Family)
Haemanthus multiflorus
Hagenia abyssinica
Helichrysum formosissumum (garden)
Holothrix sp. (Orchid Family)
Hypericum revolutum
Impatiens rothi (garden)
Ipomoea tenuirostris (climber)
Jasminum abyssinicum (a strong climber)
Justica sp. Echinops hispidus
Kalanchoe macrantha
Kalanchoe petitiana
Kniphofia foliosa
Leonotis velutina
Lotus corniculatus .
The Fortress (38) Requires Caution Towards the Canyon,
 Shown by the Assisting Map Loop (B). The Loop (14)
Surrounding the Gentle and Fascinating Points
 36 and 41-42, close to the Abyss & Waterfall.
Paths & Maps of the High Plateau
Merendera abyssinica
Moraea schimperi
Nymphaea coerulea (aquetic plant in fresh water)
Otostagia integrifolia (shrub)
Pelargonium multibracteatum
Petamens latifolius
Plectocephalus varians
Plectranthus barbatus
Polygonum setulosum
Primula verticillata
Pterolobium stellatum ( fence)
Rhus natalensis (shrub)
Rubus steudneri (climber)
Satyrium sp. (Orchid Family)
Scabiosa columbaria
Senecio gigas (shrub)
Solanum incanum (weed)
Sparmannia ricinocarpa (shrub)
Trifolium acaule
Trifolium schimperi
Veronia amygdalina (shrub)
Veronica glandulos



Table 2. Floristic composition of Menagesha State Forest. 
In the years to come, as the saplings mature, they will serve as
a stabilizer for Ethiopia's landscape; this will prevent erosion,
reduce the risk of drought or flash floods, and restore the
landscape's ability to store water in the mountains and the
soil. The native forest and scrub are essential for creating
groundwater in the natural mountain reservoirs of under-
ground aquifers by the vegetation's crucial effect in
distributing rainwater and preventing brittle ground.
 The Torrential Rains and Erosion
From Dr. Sebsebe Demissew.

TALL TREES (15-35 m)
Juniperus procera
Podocarpus gracilior


MEDIUM AND SMALL SIZED TREES (up to 15 m)
Allophylus abyssinicus
Ekebergia capensis
Euphorbia obovalifolia
Ilex mitis
Myrica salicifolia
Olea europea L. spp. africana
Olinia aequipetala
Pittosporum viridiflorum
Pygeum africanum
Rapanea melanophloeos
Schefflera abyssinica Teclea nobilis


SHRUBS
Agauria salicifolia
Besama abyssinica
Calpurnea aurea
Carissa edulis
Clausena anisata
Hence, Nature's large biodiversity and shielding mechanism
 of the native seedlings executed at the old-time its natural
ability to protect and reinforce this precious ground for
 the young native vegetation's required natural care.

Plant defence against herbivory 



Biodiversity


Crotalaria lachnocarpa 
Discopodioum penninervum
Dovyalis abyssinica
Dovyalis verrucosa
Erica arborea
Galiniera coffeoides
Gnidia glauca
Halleria lucida
Hypericum lanceolatum
Maesa lanceolata
Maytenus addat
Maytenus arbutifolia
Maytenus heterophylla
Myrsine africana
Nuxia congesta
Osyris arborea
Otostegia minucci
Rhamnus prinoides
Rhus glutinosa
Rhus vulgaris
Rosa abyssinica
Satureja biflora
Spiniluma oxycantha


PACHYCAULS
Lobelia giberoa
Senecio gig

LIANAS
Embelia schimperi
Jasminum abyssinicum
Jasminum stans 
Periploca linearifolia
Phytolacca dodecandra
Rubus apetalus
Stephania abyssinical
Urera hypselodendron
Veronia amygdalina
Veronia leopoldii


EPIPHYTES
Diaphananthe schimperiana
Peperomia tetraphylla
Sedum epidendrum
Stolzia repens
Umbilicus botryoides



Podocarpus falcatus This plant carries a unique heritage that can
be very important for the Park's legacy. It was originally picked
 as seed from the mother tree in the circle (B) just to the west of 
the path at the left of the area (39) and clearly above (38)

HERBS / FERNS
Adiantum thalictroides
Asplenium abyssinicum
Asplenium aethiopicum
Cheilanthes farinosa
Drypteris inaequalis
Pleopelis macrocarpa
Polystichum setiferum
Pteris cretial
Pteris dentata
Pteris quandriaurita
Thelypteris pozoi

OTHERS
Agrostis quinqueseta
Agrostis schimperiana
Barleria ventricosa
Cardamine africana
Carex johnstonii
Carex. bequaertii
Crassula alsinoides
Cyperus fischerianus
Geranium aculeolatum
Geranium arabicum
Helichrysum cymosum
Holothrix archnoidea
Hypoestes verticillaria
Impatiens hochstetteri
Kyllinga odorata
Pentas schimperiana
Pterocephalus frutescens
Pilea rivularis
Satureja biflora
Selaginella abyssinica
Veronica abyssinica

Table 3. Tree seedlings required for the Entoto Natural Park. Third draft (5.4 94). Dag Rudin

The altitude of the Park is about 2 700 -3 000 m a.s.l. but the slope towards the south will improve the climate in a direction of about -300 m altitude. This minimum calculated altitude for the choice of species will be about 2 400 m a.s.l.
 




* PLANT can supply seedlings for these trees in the quantity required in time for the planting season next year - June 1995. The orders for the plants would have to be placed fairly soon. The price of the seedlings would be 50c or less.


Entoto Natural Park (Nursery)

? The species might fail to survive

# Seed available at the National Tree Seed Center

o Plants can be raised by Region 14 Tree Nurseries up to a number of 100 000.

Notes
1. In a mature forest, there are approx. 250 trees per hectare. To allow for natural selection etc. 500 trees per hectare are required to start a forest. Assuming no trees in the Park, the number of seedlings required would be 750 000 (if the Park area is 15 square kilometres).

It is reasonable to plan for planting 1/3 of the area during 1995. Thus 250 000 seedlings should be planted out and then 300 000 seedlings should be raised (HΓ₯kan Blanck and Pia Englund, Entoto Natural Park 1995).






The Inheritance of Plants Depends on the Stimulus 
From the Landscapes' Climate within a Country


The mistake of using the seed from a tree with genetic
originating from a moist and shady gorge as seedlings
on a dry southern slope undermines the trees' ability 
 to survive and other organisms. However, this
endures an intricate symbiotic phenomenon.
Health Stimulus and Its Challenges
Trees' Origin from the Country's Terrain and Climate
Thus, distant locations within a country's geography and topography, yet within the same country's borders, have developed flora and fauna that have undergone an extremely long evolutionary process to best adapt to the unique conditions of their geological surroundings. Therefore, depending on the region's unique climate, the area's specific habitat within a country has shaped the native indigenous organisms, whose distinctive properties arise from close synergy with the soil types that have developed over aeons of Nature's obvious composting process, including mineral-sediment mixtures. Hence, this country's topographically isolated location imparts distinct genetic properties in organisms due to local, unique climate factors across its landscape.

Landscapes Give the Origin to Plants and People
Therefore, depending on whether it is on a sun-blasted slope or within a secluded canyon, the endemic tree has developed a genetic specificity shaped by the landscape's unique climate. Thus, the trees' evolutionary connection to a country's landscape creates a precious legacy for their seeds, which inherit well-adapted genetic characteristics in their pedigree related to the location's climate-technical uniqueness. This background of diversity in stimulus activation also includes humans, as their health and ability to work are highly dependent on the uniqueness of their natural genetic heritage, whose well-being requires a corresponding stimulus from their culture.



Ethiopia's Unique Highland Landscape and Climate

Regarding Ethiopia's unique seasonal climate, with months of heavy downpours over the country's characteristic rugged landscape topography followed by months of blistering sunshine, difficulties naturally arise for the survival of planted saplings. The long prehistoric evolutionary optimisation of Nature's stability in sheer strength and water absorption found in the original native vegetation is thus often impossible to recreate with a simple planting of fragile young seedlings. Therefore, Ethiopia's neglected indigenous Nature demands knowledge and work before any evident healing of the country's Nature and freshwater conservation can be achieved.

Nature's Requirements for Landscape Restoration

 Consequently, it is often associated with incredible frustration to recreate healthy landscape biotopes by replanting native young plants on exposed, eroded mountain slopes and devastated high plateaus. Instead, sporadically planted young plants will require tender care with irrigation, protection against grazing animals and shade for months during the season from midday's mercilessly blistering sunshine. This recreation of Nature's shielding functions thus requires the devoted work of restoration to regain the guardian effect of a lost indigenous forest with its endemic vegetation of shielding undergrowth. 



The Mountains' Slopes: Civilization's Crucial Duty

Restoring Nature with Concealed Technology


There are profound contradictions in judgment in the use of berms versus swales. Hence, the core of this evaluation is a comparison between small surrounding ridges (berms) downhill of the saplings, which prevent water loss downhill along the slope, and the quite contrary appearance of uphill water-absorbing trenches (swales) just above saplings, following the traditional contour lines of the landscape's slopes. Trenches or swales filled with water create a dangerous lubrication that weakens the crucial friction on the slopes, posing an imminent risk of landslides. Therefore, swales are an option on the planes, while separate berms are an option for slopes. Of course, the most sapling-protective method combines berms with micro-basins.

Planting Saplings
While the previously mentioned small half-circular backfillings (berms) appear suitable on a hillside to protect the growth of individually placed saplings, the keyline permaculture approach seems to provide deeper irrigation and is therefore more practical when many saplings follow along gentle slopes. However, where Keyline technology is available, it often appears to be a more desirable option than swales, since it is less obstructive despite its similarity to swale methods. Keylines provide a slightly invisible gradient deviation from the landscape's contour lines and heal themselves within the landscape. Thus, while berms fit individual saplings, the keyline solution often seems more appropriate than berms when many saplings propagate along the keyline on a pleasant slope or swales on a modestly sloping field. For more information: Water and Land Restoration



Restoration: Preventing Drought, Landslides and Lahars 

Berms and Swales VS. Terraces and Micro-Basins

With the gradient of the hillsides diminutive in the landscape, swales are an option but not recommended on a mountainside. Therefore, caution is warranted regarding this environmental swale restoration method due to the risk of landslides caused by swales creating excessive lubricating water weight. Hence, a danger persists, as these swales trigger landslides by suddenly infiltrating water into unstable soil, especially on a mountainside. When the slopes are too steep for any modest restoration of the ground's stability, terracing is often a secure option. Here, with attention to keyline design, permaculture's deviation from the contour line lends classical terracing historical reliability. 


The Mountains' Terracing: A Historical Management
The Keyline Design Permaculture Advancement

However, when excluding the need for high-impact terracing methods in gentler terrain, keyline design in permaculture remains a careful restoration option, in which the ploughed grooves deviate slightly downward from the mountain's contour lines. Thus, keyline design in permaculture often remains the appropriate way to create a stable water supply and ground for the saplings. Therefore, exposed mountainsides frequently require a keyline design gradient to optimize the water flow over the terraces. These methods, and even terraced micro-basins, usually remain the only suitable options for providing a sound foundation for saplings on a steeper hillside.


The Ethiopian Heritage Trust


ADDRESS
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Bole Road, Ras Mengesha Siyum House
Phone: - +251-11 515 8802

In 1992, the Ethiopian Heritage Trust (EHT or the Trust) was established as an Ethiopian voluntary organization and is non-political, non-religious, and non-profit in its constitution. Founded by private individuals wishing to make a personal contribution towards stopping the decay and destruction of the country's historical buildings and natural environment, the organisation has, from the beginning, been supported by the Administration of Region 14. Membership is open to all after paying an annual or lifetime fee.

The organisation, Ethiopian Heritage Trust, is devoted to restoring Ethiopia's indigenous Nature and sincerely preserving the country's precious cultural heritage. As a high priority, the Ethiopian Heritage Trust laid the groundwork to understand the importance of indigenous forests to the country's natural health. The organization's work planting native saplings illuminates the landscape's healing capacity with precision, thanks to these native forests. The toxic eucalyptus tree underscores the importance of careful research and knowledge in natural science. Such a history of incompatible species provides a clear and compelling warning before introducing foreign species into unique and vulnerable habitats.


The Complications Of Indigenous Forest Restoration

Thus, it is impossible to recreate a stable and healthy nature by replanting a few native trees on a devastated plateau; instead, these young plants, planted sporadically on the high plateau or the slopes beneath, will require tender care, including irrigation, protection against grazing animals, and shade from the blistering seasonal sun. Furthermore, on the slopes, these young plants most often need temporary ground stabilization and protection from something that mimics the wind- and sun-protective effect of many mother trees. In addition, sporadically placed young plants can offer only a very rudimentary, weak protective network against erosion; instead, there is a clear risk that these young plants will soon perish in the struggle against the great forces of Nature.

The Precarious and Fragile Restoration of Lost Nature

 Science, much time, and labour are needed for environmental restoration; this demands massive protection projects to provide young plants with a replacement for the lost biotope and its vital natural protective properties. Hence, restoring a lost biotope is complicated and requires much work to recreate a reliable substitute for the lost shielding armour of the primaeval forest. Therefore, due to the absence of the essential protective functions of mother trees and other plants, enormous efforts are required to recreate these guardian functions for the tender indigenous seedlings, which otherwise do not survive the very exposed ground. Thus, this process of environmental restoration includes what was previously prehistorically self-evident as a crucial basis for the survival of all higher life forms.






Choosing the Right Mother Tree for Seed

The Science of Indigenous Ancient Trees

The distant location, though within the same country, has developed flora that have undergone extensive evolutionary optimization to best adapt to the unique geological and surrounding conditions, with distinct genetic characteristics variation even within the same tree species. The unique habitat in a particular region within a country imprints indigenous DNA, imparting distinctive properties to its plants and wildlife, depending on the region's varied and exceptional climate.



Podocarpus falcatus  (P. gracilior) 

Choosing the Right Landscape for Seeds
Old stands of unique trees that are still seed-bearing and fertile are important because of their unique DNA and for seed gathering for nurseries. Because of different climate aspects in their isolated location on a country's mountainside or within a secluded gorge, the endemic tree developed a distinct genetic heritage and is both a creator and an adaptor to the unique soil. Therefore, the trees' evolutionary connection to a country's landscape makes their seeds a precious legacy, inheriting well-adapted genetic traits suited to the location's biological uniqueness. 

The Importance of Seeds' Evolutionary Heritage
The distant location, yet within the same country, has led to the development of flora and fauna that have undergone an extremely long evolutionary optimization to best adapt to the unique conditions of its geology and surrounding genetic characteristics. The unique habitat in a particular region within a country imprints its properties on the indigenous wildlife, shaping their DNA in line with the region's unique climate.



Assessing Seeds Based on the Climate Zones of the Country

The country's topographically isolated regions have distinct genetic requirements due to the unique local climate of each landscape. Therefore, whether on the country's mountainside or within a damp and shady gorge, the landscape's uniqueness determines the prehistoric imprinted pedigree and genetic heritage of the endemic trees, as well as the composition of their soils. Thus, the trees' evolutionary connection to a country's landscape creates a precious legacy for their seeds, which inherit well-adapted genetic traits suited to the location's biological uniqueness. Hence, the genetic legacy's impact across Ethiopia's various climates and altitudes results in trees that, although belonging to the same species, have developed distinct genetic heritages adapted to these zones. Due to genetic adaptation to different regions within a country, trees can cope with varying climate zones. Thus, the mistake of using seed from a tree whose genetic origin is a moist, shady gorge as seedlings on a dry southern slope undermines these trees' ability to survive, as well as that of other organisms, including humans, by increasing the risk of landslides and lahars.

The Sciences of Ancient Trees

The Scientific Importance of Old and Ancient Trees

The Scientific Importance of Old and Ancient Trees:

___________________________________________________________________________________



Plant a Tree with Inside Ethiopia Tours

Plant a tree with Inside Ethiopia Tours

Once we arrive on Entoto Mountain, where the capital city was first founded in 1886, you will undoubtedly feel like having mentholated topical ointment. Yes, we are not big fans of the Eucalyptus tree either! We want to promote indigenous seedling planting in Ethiopia by contributing to the Ethiopian Green Legacy. Our guide will accompany you in the local taxis up to the mountain. This is an excellent opportunity for you to experience Ethiopian commuting.


_______________________________________________________________________


Where do you plan to make your mark?

The Ethiopian Heritage Trustee Association is working to plant more than 50,000 indigenous saplings in Entoto Natural Park and Zego Kebele Association in Ankober District to cover exposed areas.
  Organizations: Associations: Educational institutions: All those who love nature, together with our association, let's build a country with suitable air by planting saplings. Let's plant indigenous saplings together.


As we believe, we are ready and waiting for you this year. The Ethiopian Heritage Trustee Association has planted native saplings in place of Eucalyptus trees with partner organizations and members in the Entoto natural park. He tells you that this year, come and plant saplings together to protect the environment. For more information:

πŸ“ž Call +251 Ethiopia  

011-5-15-88-02/ 09-22-97-27-46

Ethiopian Heritage Trust - Plantation of Seedlings

___________________________________________________________________________________


Handbook 

Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia:

Identification, Propagation and

 Management for 17 Agroclimatic Zones

Azene Bekele-Tesemma

Edited by
Bo TengnΓ€s, Ensermu Kelbesa, Sebsibe Demissew and Patrick Maundu

The contents of this handbook may be reproduced without special permission. However, acknowledgement of the source is requested. The photographers and artists concerned must be contacted for reproduction of illustrations. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of World Agroforestry Centre.


___________________________________________________________________________________




Charity overview, ETHIOPIAN HERITAGE TRUST (UK)

GOV.UK
https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk › c...
The Trust works principally through support for the Ethiopian Heritage Trust in Ethiopia to restore and conserve lands of natural beauty and historic buildings ...


Ethiopian Heritage Trust

Donate

The total amount you donate will be used in Ethiopia.
The Trust is registered with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs for Gift Aid.


Ethiopian Heritage Trust (UK)
Donate: https://www.ethiopianheritagetrustuk.org/donate

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